Diabetes sugar symptoms and signs

Blutzun for measuring sugar with diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is an insidious disease in which an increased blood sugar content is observed.When digestion of food, carbohydrates and proteins decompose to simple sugar and amino acids.The liver converts all sugar and some of the amino acids into glucose, which is used as an energy source with every body body.Glucose enters the blood into the blood into the cells, hormone that is produced by the pancreas (an organ displaced by pears under the stomach).Insulin promotes the progress of the proteins that transport glucose from the depth of the cell, where they are connected to glucose and carry to the cell.In diabetes mellitus, this process leads to a variety of insulin with a pancreas can be partially or completely disturbed or the body body cannot be able to react effectively to the normal amount of insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disease and occurs in two forms: diabetes of the first type or "insulin -dependent" and diabetes of the second type or "insulin -dependent". In the first type of diabetes, also known as a youthful diabetes, the pancreas produces a small amount of insulin or does not produce it at all.

This type of diabetes suddenly develops and is most common in humans under the age of 30.The average age of his development is between 12 and 14 years.However, diabetes of the first type is only about 5 percent of all cases of diabetes.The second type of diabetes, also known as an adult diabetes, is much more common.With this type of diabetes, the production of insulin pancreas is only slightly reduced, but the cells cannot react effectively to insulin, so that this disease is regarded as an insulin resistance.The diabetes of the second type usually begins to degrees and affects people over 40 years and especially with full people.One of the risk factors is older than 50 years.Occasionally, the first type diabetes can be observed.

The main causes of the development of diabetes are: hereditary predisposition, pancreatic disease, excessive food (reading - the same pancreas, liver and stomach -intestine -intestine tracts overload), excessive use of simple carbohydrates (sugar, sweets, jam, cake, chocolate and more), alcohol, alcohol.In some cases, diabetes mellitus can occur due to mental trauma, poisoning or poisoning (including drugs).

In both types of diabetes, hyperglycemia leads to the release of glucose in urine, which is accompanied by an increase in urine production.If a patient with diabetes of the first type is prescribed the wrong amount of insulin, the excessive emissions of fatty acids from fatty tissue leads to the overproduction of ketone bodies in the liver.The accumulation of ketone bodies can cause a life -threatening disease known as diabetic ketoacitosis.In patients with diabetes of the second type, diabetic ketoazitosis can sometimes be found in periods in which the body has a strong tension, for example during a serious infectious disease.

People with diabetes of the second type are susceptible to a different life -threatening disease, which is referred to as hyperosototic non -meling state and is characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels.This disease is usually found in older people with a different serious illness.An attack on diabetic ketoazitosis or a hyperosmotic state can be the first sign of diabetes.

People with diabetes can also suffer from low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) if they administer too much insulin during treatment.

After 10 to 20 years of diabetes, patients can have complications, for example visual impairment, kidney damage and degeneration of the peripheral nervous system (neuropathy).The strict control of the glucose content in the blood can capture or prevent the appearance of these complications.The loss of contact in the legs can lead to the damage is left without attention and an infection occurs.

Symptoms

What signs can you say that you have diabetes or indicate that there is a risk of his occurrence?

  • Excessive and frequent urination (about every hour).Wake up at night to urinate.The body spends it through the kidneys in the urine to get rid of excess sugar.
  • Strong thirst or increased need to drink many liquids.It is caused by the fact that the glucose level in the blood increases and the liquid "takes away" from the tissue, which is dehydrated.Therefore, the patients are forced to drink a lot: 2-3-5 liters per day or more.
  • Itching of skin and genitals.
  • Dry mouth.
  • Bad healing of wounds.
  • First a great weight, which then reduces due to a violation of the food absorption, especially the carbohydrates.
  • Reduction of immunity - frequent infections of banal flu and colds to pneumonia.
  • Sometimes the disease is preceded by "strange" conditions: due to a short -term forced hunger or for intensive physical activity, headache, pale sweat and general weakness, can occur.As soon as a person ate, he drank at least one cup of sweet tea, all symptoms pass quickly.This can indirectly indicate a malfunction of the pancreas: Insulin entered the blood more than usual and the sugar level took off under the permissible units of level 3 to 3.5.
  • Increased appetite.
  • Unknown weight loss.
  • Bad eyesight.
  • Fatigue and weakness.
  • Frequent or constant infections of the bladder, skin or gums.
  • Deafness and tingling in the legs and hands.
  • Signs of hypoglycaemia.
  • Strong symptoms of a hyperosmotic non -monetary state: extraordinary thirst, lethargy, weakness, confusion of consciousness, coma.
  • Strong symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis: nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath, confusion, coma.

The symptoms described are observed long before diagnosis in 40-90% of patients with diabetes.But there are also "non -human" symptoms, the occurrence of which leads to an increased blood sugar:

The skin is gradually dry, folding, palms and soles, rude, peeling, thick, dry and brittle hair, the extremities grows and disappears completely on the skin, since the immunity, pustel flakes, arcs, carbars, rinzidivates, to test blood sugar in patients.The skin is often affected by mushrooms, eczema and lichens.

  1. The appearance and progression of vascular disorders - the development of atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, angina pectoris, decreases memory (suffering from the brain's vessels);
  2. Diabetic changes in the bloody floor vessels (retinopathy), reduction of vision;
  3. Reduction of kidney function (nephropathy, pyelonephritis);
  4. Diabetic foot ("burn legs in the cold and in warm squeezing" - a violation of blood supply to the lower extremities);
  5. Sometimes the character (mental disorders) changes;
  6. One of the signs of diabetes is the lesion of gums - periodontitis, bleeding, gum blue and teeth begin to mix, and sometimes their legal places can be painless.
  7. Diabetes mellitus influences the glands of internal secretion.Men lose interest in women, they are not only reduced by libido, but also in potency.The menstrual cycle is “lost” in women and it happens that menstruation disappears completely.

For this reason, diabetes mellitus is referred to as an endocrine exchange with pancreas lesion, which is characterized by an increase in blood sugar and a violation of all types of metabolism in the body.

In diabetes mellitus, antiabet, hidden diabetes mellitus and diabetes themselves are differentiated (explicitly).The latter manifests itself in light, moderate and heavy heaviness.

With Pre -Antiabet, hidden diabetes and mild diabetes, nutrition is the only therapeutic factor.And with medium and heavy forms - a necessary disease for successful treatment and maintaining an acceptable quality of life.

In addition, people with diabetes are more susceptible to narrowing the coronary arteries and the narrowing of blood vessels that supply the brain and legs.The combination of infectious diseases of the legs and the reduction of blood supply can lead to a gangrene (death of the tissue), which requires amputation.

Treatment of the first type diabetes requires one to four daily insulin injections.(Insulin cannot be taken orally, since digestive juices destroy it.) In addition, it is necessary to observe a diet and do exercises so that the blood sugar level is not too high or too low.A combination of nutrition, exercises and weight loss can be used for diabetes of the second type, although medication (including insulin) is usually also required.The treatment largely depends on Self -Control.Although there are no means of healing diabetes, almost all patients can control the symptoms and lead a full life.

  • The first type diabetes is an autoimmune disease that occurs due to an incorrect attack of the immune system on the pancreatic cells producing insulin.
  • In the case of diabetes of the second tin, genetic factors are important.
  • Excessive completeness makes people who are predisposed to the development of diabetes in the second type.
  • Some medications such as corticosteroids or diuretic thiazides can increase the risk that the second type of diabetes is being developed.
  • Other diseases such as hemochromatosis, chronic pancreatitis, kushing or acromegaly syndrome can lead to diabetes.The surgical removal of the pancreas can also cause diabetes.
  • Pregnant women can develop diabetes who usually disappear after birth.These women are exposed to the risk of developing the second type diabetes in the future.
  • Contrary to the existing opinion, the use of a large amount of sweets does not contribute to the development of diabetes.

The general nutritional principles in diabetes are reduced to simple rules.

The calorie content of the diet should be reduced to 2000-2200 kcal by reducing the consumption of simple carbohydrates: sugar, cake, ice cream, chocolate, sweets, jams, pasta, rice, honey and similar products.Black bread, legumes, vegetables, fruit are complex carbohydrates (with the exception of bananas, grapes, watermelon), and their consumption is permitted within the normal limits.Due to the high -quality protein and minerals contained in them, the seafood are useful, in particular the necessary component of zinc for the production of insulin.Beans in the contents of zinc, such as a champion for patients with diabetes and copper.The use of beans reduces thirst and in the presence of a simultaneous atherosclerosis with a violation of the heart rhythm, the normal rhythm restores!

It is recommended to eat 3-4 times a day.Drink water between meals.It should be limited by daily taking up to 10 g, animals and vegetable fats - to 50 g - and the consumption of dairy products with a high fat content (cheese, ice, cream, sour cream), meat, sausages, smoked stains, chocolate, cake, halva, caviar, brain, giblet and skin with pan stains.

prevention

  • In order to prevent the development of diabetes from the second type, you have to lose weight if your weight exceeds the standard by more than 20 percent and maintains normal weight.
  • Train regularly.
  • There is no known way to prevent the first type diabetes.
  • People with any kind of diabetes should regularly go through an eye examination for the early detection and treatment of diabetes of visual impairment.

Diagnosis

  • The medical history and physical examination can provide a basis for accepting the existence of the disease.
  • The diagnosis can be made if a blood test on empty stomach shows at least twice a high glucose level (126 mg/dl or higher).
  • If the results of the tests are ambiguous, a sample for glucose tolerance can be carried out.The patient drinks a drink with 75 g glucose, and then the blood sugar content is measured every 30 minutes for two hours.
  • The urine analysis can be carried out to determine the protein content.
  • Measure the blood glycogemoglobin;It shows the average glucose content in the blood in the past two to three months.

For diabetes of the first type:

  • Daily insulin injections are required.It takes one to four daily injections to control the glucose level in the blood.There are long medicines and quick effects, and they are often prescribed in a combination.
  • A strict diet and a meal plan are required to maintain the desired glucose degree of glucose in the blood.Your doctor can recommend food with low -fat, salt and cholesterol and you can recommend visiting a nutritionist for food planning.
  • Since both physical exercises and insulin reduce glucose level, exercises and the introduction of insulin should be designed in such a way that their effect is not used and does not cause dangerous decrease in blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
  • A strict schedule for injection, food and execution exercises is required for the proper control of the disease.

For diabetes of the second type:

  • The use of food with low fat and low calorie in combination with the correct performance of exercises is required to control the weight.
  • The medication taken as orally can be presented to increase the production of insulin belly pancreatits if the exercises and nutrition do not suffer enough blood sugar.
  • Other oral drugs can reduce insulin resistance or slow down the absorption of sugar from the intestine.
  • Insulin injections may be necessary for strong attacks in the second type of diabetes or if a patient with diabetes has a different disease.

For both types of diabetes:

  • Blood tests are required to measure the glucose level of one to four times a day (depending on the recommendation of the doctor).Your doctor advises you which device can be used at home to measure the blood sugar.
  • Particular attention should be paid to the development of atherosclerosis because it is often combined with diabetes.Patients with diabetes should not smoke, low -fat, cholesterol and salt food and eat and take medication against high blood pressure or high cholesterol levels.
  • People with diabetes should drink a large amount of water if they get sick on another disease, for example flu to fill the lost liquid and prevent diabetic coma.During the disease, people with the first type diabetes should check the urine for ketone body every four to six hours.
  • People with diabetes should take care of their feet and check them every day.The damage to the nerves in diabetes reduces the sensitivity of the legs, and small damage can lead to the development of serious infectious diseases.
  • Laser photo exerculation to prevent a break of tiny blood vessels in the eye can help prevent or heal diabetic retinopathy.Most patients with diabetes have to check their eyes with an ophthalmologist at least once a year to recognize the very first manifestations of retinopathy.
  • Dialysis, the process of artificial blood filtering, may be necessary for kidney failure.In serious cases, a kidney transplant may be necessary,
  • A clear control of the glucose mirror in the blood keeps the following complications that influence the eyes, kidneys and nervous system.
  • The kidney damage can be slowed down when checking blood pressure.

If you need a doctor

  • Contact the doctor if you increase a sudden or gradual increase in a feeling of hunger, thirst or the increase in the urine produced.
  • Contact the doctor if you are sick with diabetes and at the same time got sick with a running nose or flu, which has taken the blood sugar level outside of control.Do not use the medication sold without a prescription without consulting a doctor.
  • Attention!Call an ambulance when a patient loses consciousness with diabetes.Tell the doctor that a person is sick with diabetes.
  • Attention!(In the second type of diabetes.) Call the ambulance immediately if you have symptoms of a hyperosmotic, non -brown state.This includes severe thirst, lethargy, weakness and confusion.
  • Attention!(In the first type of diabetes.) Call the ambulance immediately if you have symptoms of diabetic ketoazitosis.This includes dry mouth, dry and red skin, sweet or with a smell of fruit out of the mouth, difficulties when breathing, vomiting and abdominal pain in combination with excessive urination and heavy thirst (or without).
  • Attention!(With the first type of diabetes.) Take a doctor immediately if the presence of ketone bodies and measures prescribed by your doctor is not available in the urine, do not help to cope with the problem.